1125-A Cost of Goods Sold

Form

1125-A

Cost of Goods Sold

(Rev. November 2024)

OMB No. 1545-0123

Attach to Form 1120, 1120-C, 1120-F, 1120S, or 1065.
Go to www.irs.gov/Form1125A for the latest information.

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Employer identification number

Name

1
2

Inventory at beginning of year
Purchases . . . . . .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

1
2

3
4
5

Cost of labor . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional section 263A costs (attach schedule) .
Other costs (attach schedule) . . . . . .

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

3
4
5

6
7

Total. Add lines 1 through 5 .
Inventory at end of year . .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

6
7

8

Cost of goods sold. Subtract line 7 from line 6. Enter here and on Form 1120, page 1, line 2, or the appropriate
line of your tax return. See instructions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Check all methods used for valuing closing inventory. See instructions.
Cost
(i)
(ii)
Lower of cost or market

9a

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

8

Other (specify method used and attach explanation)
(iii)
For certain small business taxpayers, alternative methods of accounting for inventories:
(iv)
Non-incidental materials and supplies method
AFS method
(v)
Non-AFS method
(vi)
b Check if there was a writedown of subnormal goods

.

.
.

d

Check if the LIFO inventory method was adopted this tax year for any goods (if checked, attach Form 970) . .
(i) If the LIFO inventory method was used for this tax year, enter amount of closing inventory figured under LIFO

e

(ii) If the LIFO inventory method was used for this tax year, enter amount of the closing LIFO Reserve . . . .
If property is produced or acquired for resale, do the rules of section 263A apply to the entity? See instructions .

c

f

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .
9d(i)

.

.

9d(ii)
.

Was there any change in determining quantities, cost, or valuations between opening and closing inventory? If “Yes,”
attach explanation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code unless otherwise noted.

What’s New
Small business taxpayers. For tax years
beginning after December 31, 2023, if filing
Form 1125-A for a small business taxpayer
that uses an alternative method of
accounting for inventories, check the
applicable box on line 9a(iv) through 9a(vi).
See the instructions for line 9.

General Instructions
Purpose of Form
Use Form 1125-A to figure and deduct cost
of goods sold for certain entities.

Who Must File
Filers of Form 1120, 1120-C, 1120-F,
1120S, or 1065 must complete and attach
Form 1125-A if the applicable entity reports
a deduction for cost of goods sold.

Inventories
Generally, inventories are required at the
beginning and end of each tax year if the
production, purchase, or sale of
merchandise is an income-producing
factor. See Regulations section 1.471-1(a).

If inventories are required, you generally
must use an accrual method of accounting
for sales and purchases of inventory items.
Exception for small business taxpayers.
A small business taxpayer can account for
inventory by treating the inventory as
non-incidental materials and supplies (line
9a(iv)), or conforming to its treatment of
inventory in an applicable financial
statement (as defined in section 451(b)(3))
(line 9a(v)). If it does not have an applicable
financial statement, a small business
taxpayer can use the method of accounting
used in its books and records prepared
according to its accounting procedures
(line 9a(vi)).
See the discussion on small business
taxpayers in the instructions for your tax
return. Also see sections 448(c) and 471(c).
For additional guidance on methods of
accounting, see Pub. 538, Accounting
Periods and Methods. For guidance on
changing methods of accounting, see Form
3115, Application for Change in Accounting
Method, and the Instructions for Form
3115.

For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see instructions.

Cat. No. 55988R

Yes

No

Yes

No

Uniform capitalization rules. The uniform
capitalization rules of section 263A
generally require you to capitalize, or
include in inventory, certain costs incurred
in connection with the following.
• The production of real property and
tangible personal property held in inventory
or held for sale in the ordinary course of
business.
• Real property or personal property
(tangible and intangible) acquired for resale.
• The production of real property and
tangible personal property for use in its
trade or business or in an activity engaged
in for profit.
A small business taxpayer is not required
to capitalize costs under section 263A. See
section 263A(i).
See the discussion on section 263A
uniform capitalization rules in the
instructions for your tax return before
completing Form 1125-A. Also see
Regulations sections 1.263A-1 through
1.263A-3. See Regulations section
1.263A-4 for rules for property produced in
a farming business and Pub. 225, Farmer’s
Tax Guide.

Form 1125-A (Rev. 11-2024)

Page 2

Form 1125-A (Rev. 11-2024)

Specific Instructions
Line 1. Inventory at Beginning of
Year
If you are changing your method of
accounting for the current tax year, you
must refigure last year’s closing inventory
using the new method of accounting. Enter
the result on line 1. If there is a difference
between last year’s closing inventory and
the refigured amount, attach an
explanation and take it into account when
figuring any section 481(a) adjustment.

Line 2. Purchases
Reduce purchases by items withdrawn for
personal use. For a partnership, the cost of
these items should be shown on Schedule
K and Schedule K-1 as distributions to
partners.

Line 4. Additional Section 263A
Costs
If you elected a simplified method of
accounting, enter on line 4 the balance of
section 263A costs paid or incurred during
the tax year not includible on lines 2, 3, and
5.
If you elected the simplified production
method or the modified simplified
production method, additional section
263A costs are generally those costs, other
than interest, that are not included in your
section 471 costs but that are required to
be capitalized under section 263A. For
details, see Regulations section
1.263A-2(b).
If you elected the simplified resale
method, additional section 263A costs are
generally those costs incurred with respect
to the following categories.
• Off-site storage or warehousing.
• Purchasing.
• Handling, such as processing,
assembling, repackaging, and transporting.
• General and administrative costs (mixed
service costs).

Line 5. Other Costs
Enter on line 5 any costs paid or incurred
during the tax year not entered on lines 2
through 4. Attach a statement listing details
of the costs.

Special Rules for Cooperatives
Cooperatives are allowed to deduct certain
per-unit retain allocations. Include these
costs on line 5. Attach a statement listing
details of per-unit retain allocations paid in:
• Qualified per-unit retain certificates,
• Money or other property (except
nonqualified per-unit certificates), and
• Nonqualified per-unit retain certificates
redeemed this year.

Per-unit retain allocations. A cooperative
is allowed to deduct from its taxable
income amounts paid during the payment
period for the tax year as per-unit retain
allocations to the extent paid in money,
qualified per-unit retain certificates, or
other property with respect to marketing
occurring during the tax year. A per-unit
retain allocation is any allocation from a
cooperative to a patron for products
marketed for the patron without reference
to the cooperative net earnings. A qualified
per-unit retain certificate is any per-unit
retain certificate that the distributee has
agreed to take into account at its stated
dollar amount.
Nonqualified per-unit retain certificates
redeemed this year. Include the amount
paid in money or other property (except
amounts already included as per-unit retain
certificates) to patrons to redeem
nonqualified per-unit retain certificates. No
deduction is allowed at the time of
issuance for a nonqualified per-unit retain
certificate. However, the cooperative may
take a deduction in the year the certificate
is redeemed, subject to the stated dollar
amount of the certificate. See section 1383.
Also see the instructions for Form 1120-C,
line 30h, for a special rule for figuring the
cooperative’s tax in the year of redemption
of a nonqualified per-unit retain certificate.

Line 7. Inventory at End of Year
See Regulations sections 1.263A-1 through
1.263A-3 for details on figuring the amount
of additional section 263A costs to be
included in ending inventory.

Line 8. Cost of Goods Sold
Enter the amount from line 8 on your tax
return as follows. Filers of Form 1120,
1120-C, 1120S, and 1065, enter cost of
goods sold on page 1, line 2. Filers of Form
1120-F, enter cost of goods sold on
Section II, line 2.

Line 9. Inventory Valuation
Methods
Complete line 9 as follows.
Line 9a. Inventory methods. Check all
applicable boxes on lines 9a(i) through
9a(iii) to indicate how the value of an
inventory item is figured.
For certain small business taxpayers that
have adopted or changed to an alternative
accounting method that is an exception to
the general inventory requirements
described above, check a box on lines
9a(iv) through 9a(vi) in lieu of checking an
applicable box on lines 9a(i) through 9a(iii).
See Regulations sections 1.471-1(b)(3)
through (6) and your accounting
procedures.

Inventories can be valued at:
• Cost,
• Cost or market value (whichever is lower),
or
• Any other method approved by the IRS
that conforms to the requirements of the
applicable regulations cited below.
Under lower of cost or market, the term
“market” (for normal goods) means the
current bid price prevailing on the inventory
valuation date for the particular
merchandise in the volume usually
purchased by the filer. For a manufacturer,
market applies to the basic elements of
cost—raw materials, labor, and burden. If
section 263A applies, the basic elements of
cost must reflect the current bid price of all
direct costs and all indirect costs properly
allocable to goods on hand at the inventory
date.
Inventory may be valued below cost
when the merchandise is unsalable at
normal prices or unusable in the normal
way because the goods are subnormal due
to damage, imperfections, shopwear,
change of style, odd or broken lots, or
other similar causes, including secondhand goods taken in exchange. The goods
may be valued at the bona fide selling
price, minus the direct cost of disposition
(but not less than scrap value). Bona fide
selling price means actual offering of
goods during a period ending not later than
30 days after inventory date.
The methods on line 9a are methods of
accounting. Any method, once established,
cannot be changed in a later year without
requesting a change in accounting method.
See the Instructions for Form 3115 for
more information on requesting accounting
method changes.
Lines 9c and 9d. LIFO method. If this is
the first year the last-in, first-out (LIFO)
inventory method was either adopted or
extended to inventory goods not previously
valued under the LIFO method provided in
section 472, attach Form 970, Application
To Use LIFO Inventory Method, or a
statement with the information required by
Form 970. Check the LIFO box on line 9c.
On line 9d(i), enter the amount of total
closing inventories figured under section
472.
If you changed or extended your
inventory method to LIFO and had to write
up the opening inventory to cost in the year
of election, report the effect of the write-up
as other income, on your applicable return,
proportionately over a 3-year period that
begins with the year of the LIFO election.
On line 9d(ii), enter the closing LIFO
Reserve. The closing LIFO Reserve is
figured by subtracting the LIFO value of the
inventory subject to a LIFO method that is
on hand at the end of the tax year from the
first-in, first-out (FIFO) value of that
inventory. If the closing LIFO Reserve
amount is negative, place the amount on
line 9d(ii) in parentheses.

Page 3

Form 1125-A (Rev. 11-2024)

Note: Entities using the LIFO method that
make an S corporation election or transfer
LIFO inventory to an S corporation in a
nonrecognition transaction may be subject
to an additional tax attributable to the LIFO
recapture amount. See the instructions for
Form 1120, Schedule J, line 11, or the
applicable line on your tax return.
Line 9e. If property is produced or
acquired for resale and the rules of section
263A apply to the corporation, cooperative,
partnership, or other applicable entity,
check the “Yes” box on line 9e.
Paperwork Reduction Act Notice. We
ask for the information on this form to carry
out the Internal Revenue laws of the United

States. You are required to give us the
information. We need it to ensure that you
are complying with these laws and to allow
us to figure and collect the right amount of
tax.
You are not required to provide the
information requested on a form that is
subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act
unless the form displays a valid OMB
control number. Books or records relating
to a form or its instructions must be
retained as long as their contents may
become material in the administration of
any Internal Revenue law. Generally, tax
returns and return information are
confidential, as required by section 6103.

The time needed to complete and file
this form will vary depending on individual
circumstances. The estimated burden for
business taxpayers filing this form is
approved under OMB control number
1545-0123 and is included in the estimates
shown in the instructions for their business
income tax return.
If you have comments concerning the
accuracy of these time estimates or
suggestions for making this form simpler,
we would be happy to hear from you. See
the instructions for the tax return with
which this form is filed.